Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Research Methodology
1.1 Information Procurement
1.2 Data Analysis
1.3 Report scope
1.3.1 Segment market scope
1.3.2 Regional scope
1.3.3 Estimates & forecast timeline
Chapter 2 Executive Summary
2.1 Market definitions
2.1.1 Powered Surgical Stapling Device
2.1.2 Manual surgical stapling device
2.1.3 Disposable Surgical Stapling Device
2.1.4 Reusable Surgical Stapling Device
2.1.5 Commonly‐used devices and their MRI compatibility.
2.2 Market Snapshot
Chapter 3 Industry Outlook
3.1 Business segment trends
3.1.1 Product segment
3.1.2 Type segment
Chapter 4 Market Variables, Trends & Scope
4.1 Market Segmentation and Scope
4.1.1 Market drivers analysis
4.1.1.1 Increasing need for wound and tissue management devices
4.1.1.2 Introduction of advanced technologies
4.1.1.3 Increasing demand for minimally invasive surgery and robotic surgery
4.1.1.4 Increasing obesity and awareness about bariatric surgeries
4.1.1.5 Increasing incidence rate of cancer
4.1.2 Market restraints analysis
4.1.2.1 Technologically advanced substitutes
4.1.2.2 Stringent regulations
4.1.2.3 High cost of bariatric surgeries
4.1.2.4 Adverse events due to surgical staplers
4.2 Surgical Stapling Market Competitive Landscape: Market Position Analysis (Based On Products, Regional Presence
4.3 Surgical Stapling Market – PESTLE Analysis
4.4 Industry Analysis – Porter’s
4.5 Open Linear Stapler Vs Linear Laparoscopic Stapler Vs Circular Stapler-Qualitative Analysis
Chapter 5 Surgical Stapling Devices Market: Product Estimates & Trend Analysis
5.1 Surgical Stapling Market: Product Movement Analysis
5.2 Powered Surgical Stapling Device
5.2.1 Powered Surgical Stapling Device Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
5.3 Manual Surgical Stapling Device
5.3.1 Manual Surgical Stapling Device Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
Chapter 6 Surgical Stapling Devices Market: Type Estimates & Trend Analysis
6.1 Surgical Stapling Market: Type Movement Analysis
6.2 Disposable Surgical Stapling Device
6.2.1 Disposable Surgical Stapling Device Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
6.3 Reusable Surgical Stapling Device
6.3.1 Reusable Surgical Stapling Device Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
Chapter 7 Surgical Stapling Devices Market: End Use Estimates & Trend Analysis
7.1 Surgical Stapling Market: End Use Movement Analysis
7.2 Hospitals
7.2.1 Hospitals Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
7.3 Ambulatory Centers
7.3.1 Ambulatory Centers Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
Chapter 8 Surgical Stapling Devices Market: Procedures Estimates & Trend Analysis
8.1 Gastrointestinal procedures
8.1.1 Bariatric- Gastric Bypass
8.1.2 Bariatric Sleeve Gastrectomy
8.1.3 Colectomy
8.1.4 Rectal
8.1.5 Esophagectomy
8.1.6 Appendectomy
8.2 Gynecological
8.2.1 Hysterectomy-Benign
8.2.2 Hysterectomy-Malignant
8.3 Parenchymal
8.3.1 Pancreatectomy
8.3.2 Whipple procedure
8.3.3 Liver Resection (Hepatectomy/Hemihepatectomy)
8.4 Thoracic
8.4.1 Lung Lobectomy
8.4.2 Pulmonary Wedge Resection
8.5 Urology
8.5.1 Cystectomy
8.5.2 Prostatectomy
8.5.3 Nephrectomy
8.6 Others
8.6.1 Pediatric
8.6.2 Splenectomy
Chapter 9 Surgical Stapling Devices Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis, by Product, Type, and End Use
9.1 Surgical Stapling Market Share by Region, 2017 & 2025
9.2 North America
9.2.1 U.S.
9.2.1.1 U.S. Surgical stapling market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.2.2 Canada
9.2.2.1 Canada Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.3 Europe
9.3.1 France
9.3.1.1 France Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.3.2 Germany
9.3.2.1 Germany Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.3.3 U.K.
9.3.3.1 U.K. Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.3.4 Spain
9.3.4.1 Spain Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.3.5 Italy
9.3.5.1 Italy Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.3.6 Netherlands
9.3.6.1 Netherlands Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.3.7 Switzerland
9.3.7.1 Switzerland Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.3.8 Belgium
9.3.8.1 Belgium Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.4 Asia Pacific
9.4.1 Asia Pacific Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.4.2 Japan
9.4.2.1 Japan Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.4.3 China
9.4.3.1 China Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.4.4 India
9.4.4.1 India Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.4.5 Australia
9.4.5.1 Australia Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.4.6 South Korea
9.4.6.1 South Korea Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.5 Latin America
9.5.1 Latin America Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.5.2 Brazil
9.5.2.1 Brazil Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.5.3 Mexico
9.5.3.1 Mexico Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.5.4 Argentina
9.5.4.1 Argentina Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.6 MEA
9.6.1 MEA Surgical Stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.6.2 South Africa
9.6.2.1 South Africa surgical stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.6.3 Turkey
9.6.3.1 Turkey surgical stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.6.4 Saudi Arabia
9.6.4.1 Saudi Arabia surgical stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
9.6.5 Israel
9.6.5.1 Israel surgical stapling Market, 2014 – 2025 (USD Million)
Chapter 10 Competitive Landscape
10.1 Strategy framework
10.2 Company Profiles
10.2.1 Covidien
10.2.1.1 Company Overview
10.2.1.2 Financial Performance
10.2.1.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.1.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.2 Ethicon, Inc.
10.2.2.1 Company Overview
10.2.2.2 Financial Performance
10.2.2.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.2.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.3 Intuitive Surgical
10.2.3.1 Company Overview
10.2.3.2 Financial Performance
10.2.3.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.3.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.4 Cardica, Inc.
10.2.4.1 Company Overview
10.2.4.2 Financial Performance
10.2.4.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.4.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.5 Stryker Corporation
10.2.5.1 Company Overview
10.2.5.2 Financial Performance
10.2.5.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.5.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.6 Smith & Nephew
10.2.6.1 Company Overview
10.2.6.2 Financial Performance
10.2.6.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.6.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.7 CONMED Corporation
10.2.7.1 Company Overview
10.2.7.2 Financial Performance
10.2.7.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.7.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.8 CareFusion Corporation
10.2.8.1 Company Overview
10.2.8.2 Financial Performance
10.2.8.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.8.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.9 3M Healthcare
10.2.9.1 Company Overview
10.2.9.2 Financial Performance
10.2.9.3 Product Benchmarking
10.2.9.4 Strategic Initiatives
10.2.10 BioPro, Inc.
10.2.10.1 Company Overview
10.2.10.2 Product Benchmarking
TABLE 1 Surgery Comparison
TABLE 2 Worldwide cancer deaths and new cases by different regions
TABLE 3 Qualitative comparison of open/liner, laparoscopic, and circular staplers
TABLE 4 Products open/liner, laparoscopic, and circular staplers
TABLE 5 CPT Codes for Colectomy
TABLE 6 CPT Codes for Esophagectomy
TABLE 7 CPT Codes for Appendectomy
TABLE 8 CPT Codes for Cholecystectomy
TABLE 9 CPT codes for Hysterectomy-Benign
TABLE 10 CPT Codes for Pancreatectomy
TABLE 11 CPT Codes for Liver Resection
TABLE 12 Segmentation for Liver Resection
TABLE 13 CPT Codes for Lung Lobectomy
TABLE 14 CPT Codes for Pulmonary Wedge Resection
TABLE 15 CPT Codes for Cystectomy
TABLE 16 CPT Codes for Prostatectomy
TABLE 17 CPT Codes for Nephrectomy
TABLE 18 CPT Codes for Splenectomy
TABLE 19 Companies active worldwide
TABLE 20 North America Surgical Stapling, by Country, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 21 North America Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 22 North America Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 23 North America Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 24 U.S. Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 25 U.S. Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 26 U.S. Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 27 Canada Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 28 Canada Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 29 Canada Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 30 Europe Surgical Stapling, by Country, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 31 Europe Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 32 Europe Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 33 Europe Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 34 U.K. Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 35 U.K. Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 36 U.K. Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 37 Germany Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 38 Germany Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 39 Germany Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 40 France Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 41 France Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 42 France Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 43 Spain Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 44 Spain Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 45 Spain Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 46 Italy Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 47 Italy Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 48 Italy Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 49 Netherlands Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 50 Netherlands Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 51 Netherlands Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 52 Switzerland Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 53 Switzerland Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 54 Switzerland Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 55 Belgium Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 56 Belgium Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 57 Belgium Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 58 Asia Pacific Surgical Stapling, by Country, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 59 Asia Pacific Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 60 Asia Pacific Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 61 Asia Pacific Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 62 Japan Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 63 Japan Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 64 Japan Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 65 India Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 66 India Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 67 India Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 68 China Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 69 China Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 70 China Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 71 Australia Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 72 Australia Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 73 Australia Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 74 South Korea Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 75 South Korea Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 76 South Korea Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 77 Latin America Surgical Stapling, by Country, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 78 Latin America Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 79 Latin America Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 80 Latin America Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 81 Brazil Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 82 Brazil Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 83 Brazil Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 84 Mexico Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 85 Mexico Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 86 Mexico Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 87 Argentina Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 88 Argentina Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 89 Argentina Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 90 MEA Surgical Stapling, by Country, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 91 MEA Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 92 MEA Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 93 MEA Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 94 South Africa Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 95 South Africa Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 96 South Africa Surgical Stapling, by End Use , 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 97 Turkey Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 98 Turkey Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 99 Turkey Surgical Stapling, by End Use , 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 100 Saudi Arabia Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 101 Saudi Arabia Surgical Stapling, by Type, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 102 Saudi Arabia Surgical Stapling, by End Use, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 103 Israel Surgical Stapling, by Product, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 104 Israel Surgical Stapling, by Type , 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
TABLE 105 Israel Surgical Stapling, by End Use , 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
List of Figures
FIG. 1 Market Research Process
FIG. 2 Information Procurement
FIG. 3 Primary Research Pattern
FIG. 4 Market Research Approaches
FIG. 5 Value Chain Based Sizing & Forecasting
FIG. 6 QFD Modeling For Market Share Assessment
FIG. 7 Market Summary
FIG. 8 Market Trends & Outlook
FIG. 9 Market segmentation & scope
FIG. 10 Market driver relevance analysis (Current & future impact)
FIG. 11 Total surgeries performed in U.S. 2015
FIG. 12 Most prevalent cancer in men and women, 2014
FIG. 13 Market restraint relevance analysis (Current & future impact)
FIG. 14 Type of surgery with frequent adverse events
FIG. 15 Patient Outcome of an adverse event
FIG. 16 Causes of stapler adverse events
FIG. 17 Surgical stapling market competitive landscape: Market position analysis (based on products, regional presence
FIG. 18 Penetration & Growth Prospect Mapping
FIG. 19 Surgical stapling market - PESTLE analysis
FIG. 20 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
FIG. 21 Surgical procedures utilizing linear staplers
FIG. 22 Comparison of laparoscopic and robotic surgeries in US, 2015
FIG. 23 Surgical Stapling Devices Market Product Outlook Key Takeaways
FIG. 24 Surgical Stapling Devices Market: Product Movement Analysis
FIG. 25 Global Powered Surgical Stapling Device Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 26 Global Manual Surgical Stapling Device Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 27 Surgical Stapling Devices Market Type Outlook Key Takeaways
FIG. 28 Surgical Stapling Devices Market: Type Movement Analysis
FIG. 29 Global Disposable Surgical Stapling Device Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 30 Global Reusable Surgical Stapling Device Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 31 Surgical Stapling Devices Market: End Use Movement Analysis
FIG. 32 Global Hospital Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 33 Global Ambulatory Centers Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 34 Number of bariatric surgeries performed globally, 2015
FIG. 35 Laparoscopic v/s open surgery trend in gastric bypass
FIG. 36 Laparoscopic v/s open surgery trend in sleeve gastrectomy
FIG. 37 Types of laparoscopic colorectal surgeries performed, 2013
FIG. 38 Colorectal cancer incidence, ethnicity-wise (20010-2013) (rate per 100,000 population)
FIG. 39 Causes for esophagectomy
FIG. 40 Esophagectomy surgery approaches
FIG. 41 Country wise prevalence of appendicitis
FIG. 42 Laparoscopic v/s open surgery trend of appendectomy
FIG. 43 Worldwide prevalence of gallstones in females according to ethnicity
FIG. 44 U.S hysterectomy procedures: Open v/s Robotic approach trend
FIG. 45 Types of hysterectomy performed
FIG. 46 Number and distribution of hysterectomy and oophorectomy surgeries by hospital setting, 2013
FIG. 47 Types of uterine cancers
FIG. 48 Laparoscopic v/s robotic surgery trend
FIG. 49 Percentage of radical and partial cystectomy, 2001 to 2010
FIG. 50 Treatment options for prostatectomy
FIG. 51 Open v/s Laparoscopic approach trend in nephrectomy
FIG. 52 Regional Market Place: Key Takeaways
FIG. 53 Regional outlook, 2017 & 2025
FIG. 54 North America surgical stapling market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 55 U.S. Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 56 Canada Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 57 Europe Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 58 U.K. Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 59 Germany Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 60 France Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 61 Spain Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 62 Italy Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 63 Netherlands Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 64 Switzerland Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 65 Belgium Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 66 Asia Pacific Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 67 Total endoscopic surgeries in Japan
FIG. 68 Japan Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 69 India Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 70 China Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 71 Australia Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 72 South Korea Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 73 Destinations for U.S. health travelers, 2011
FIG. 74 Latin America Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 75 Brazil Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 76 Mexico Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 77 Argentina Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 78 MEA Surgical Stapling Devices Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 79 South Africa surgical stapling Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 80 Turkey surgical stapling Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 81 Saudi Arabia surgical stapling Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 82 Israel surgical stapling Market, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million)
FIG. 83 Strategy framework
【掲載企業】
Covidien
Ethicon, Inc.
Intuitive Surgical
Cardica, Inc.
Stryker Corporation
Smith & Nephew
CONMED Corporation
CareFusion Corporation
3M Healthcare
BioPro, Inc.